Answer any two questions from #1-3, #4-6, #7-9, and #10-12. Eight total.

1. List six physical properties used to identify minerals.

2. Explain the origin of basalt magma at a mid-ocean ridge.

3. Compare and contrast granite and basalt (color, texture, minerals, occurrence, etc.).

4. What does the term "water table" mean?

5. List and explain three environmental problems common to karst regions.

6. Describe and explain three important mass wasting processes.

7. Describe a (hypothetical) river, its channel and its valley near the headwaters and near the mouth.

8. What is the "Principle of Faunal Succession"? Explain the logical basis behind the principle.

9. Explain absolute age determination using radioactive decay of uranium.

10. Describe and explain three common features of bedrock erosion by glaciers.

11. Explain how we can determine the velocity of a glacier at the surface and inside.

12. What do the terms "esker", "drumlin", "end moraine" and "outwash plain" mean?