1. Define the Rayleigh reflection and transmission coefficients? What do they mean? Give some important examples and explain their significance.

2. Calculate amplitudes and times of primary and multiple reflections for a stack of flat layers. Assume normal incidence (vertical rays).

3. What do we mean by vertical resolution? What is the criterion (limit) of vertical resolution? Explain the physical basis for the limit.

4. What do we mean by horizontal or lateral resolution? What is the criterion (limit) of horizontal resolution?

5. What is a Fresnel zone? How is it calculated? What is the physical basis of the concept?

6. Derive travel-time formulae (t versus x) for a stack of flat layers. Derive exact expressions. Derive an approximate expression.

7. Explain the field operations for common-mid-point, common offset and split spread profiling.

8. Explain the data processing sequence for the three field methods of question 6. What steps are taken? Why?

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods of question 6?

10. What is NMO? How is calculated? How is it used? Why is it important? What are dynamic corrections and static corrections?

11. Define the different kinds of seismic velocity (layer, interval, x2t2, harmonic mean, root-mean-square, stacking, etc.) How is each determined? What is each used for?

12. What does the term migration mean? What is the purpose of migration? Explain Kirchhoff (diffraction) migration and wave equation (reverse time) migration.

13. What are multiple echoes (different kinds)? Why do we usually want to eliminate them? Explain how can we do this.

14. Describe some different ways to display reflection data. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

15. Describe some important uses of seismic reflection.

16. What do we mean by seismic units? What criteria are used to define the units? Why are seismic units important for interpretation?

17. What does the term echo character mean? How do we describe echo character? How can it help us?

18. Compare and contrast seismic refraction and seismic reflection. What are the disadvantages and advantages of each method? Give some situations in which you would prefer to use reflection; to use refraction.